Architecture as a Natural System: Resort Hotel
for Papago Park Phoenix, Arizona
by
DARREN MARTINEZ
A THESIS
IN
ARCHITECTURE
Submitted to the Architecture Faculty of the College of Architecture of Texas Tech University in
Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of
BACHELOR OF MICHITECTURE
Chairman of the Committee
Programming Instructor (ARCH 4395): Professor Robert Perl Design Critic (ARCH 4692): Professor Phillip Mead
Thesis Advisor: Professor James E, White
Accepted
Deati^ College of Architecture
Date
A RESORT HOTEL BY
DARREN MARTINEZ
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract 2
Chapter I: Thesis Research
Preface 3
Introduction 4
Project statement 6
Thesis Topic 7
Thesis Synthesis 8
Thesis Statement 16
Thesis Vehicle 17
Annotated Bibliography 44
Thesis Case Studies 20
Chapter II: Context Issues
Cultural Context and Potential Response 45
Psychological Context and Potential Response 47
Built Context and Potential Response 49
Natural Context and Potential Response 49
Context Issues Case Studies 55
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Chapter III. Facility Program
Analysis of Activities Overview 70
Primary Activities and Participants 73 Secondary Activities and Participants ....76
Analysis of Spaces Association with Activities 100 Typical Requirements and Characteristics 100 Unique Requirements and Characteristics .100
Relationships of Spaces Adjacency / Separation 141 Community / Privacy 142 Construction 143 Other Criteria 144 Facility Type Case Studies 147
Chapter IV: Summary of Spaces 101
Chapter V: Economic Analysis 154
Bibliography 157
Appendix 159
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ABSTRACT
The following thesis is an exploration into systems
theory. By using Ervin Laszlo's four guidelines as
to the performance of a natural system, I will
explore if architecture and the environment can be
a balanced integrated system, a natural system.
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PREFACE
Since the beginning of time, man (a natural
system) has had to deal with its environment
whether adapting to it or changing it. The
inquiry into various ways of thinking has given us
a perspective for viewing man and nature. Man's
evolution, settlement patterns, and social
structure can be attributed to the influences of
other systems. Contemporary science tends to
concentrate on organization, not one thing or its
effects, but rather how events are structured and
function in relation to their "environment". Each
system constantly challenges others by responding
itself to challenges. There is interdependence
among the systems. Our ecosystem is not a linear
process of cause and effect, but rather a cyclical
process of numerous feedback effects. Therefore,
The behavior of any one living member of a
system is dependent on the behavior of others.
This denotes the interdependence of one life form
on another.
Man is the only organism that has the ability to
create alternatives within natures complex
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relations. Physical nature is organic and has a
basic structure which responds to man. We must
take our energies, information, and substances and
create an architecture that is energy-sustainable.
INTRODUCTION
This introduction is to give you, the reader an
insight as to how I as the programmer and
designer, arrived at and generated the basis for
this project.
The conception of this project occurred as a
result of my exploration into systems theory. One
of the driving forces was my desire to discover
the relationships of systems. As I researched
this topic I encountered different system views
and various degrees of system interrelationships.
These relations are the focus of thesis.
My search is directed at finding an architecture
that harmonizes man and nature — people and their
environment. Through the use of various design
principles, better environmental responses, and
natural systems philosophical guidelines I want to
design a resort hotel to serve as a model of an
energy-responsive design. The design should
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reflect and give awareness of the potential
ecological and energy conservative issues that you
and I, as inhabitants of the environment, can
address with the purpose to preserve, maintain,
and rebuild the natural settings that we are a
part of.
The need for architecture to find a balance with
its environment is essential. Along with the
recent increase in ecological awareness the demand
for innovative thinking in using nature's
resources is also a must. The search in
discovering new ways of managing our energy is at
its greatest and the architectural realm is not
excluded.
Buildings are not just a series of connected parts
with separate functions but instead are elements
of a larger system. By understanding this we have
the potential to design these components into an
integrated whole responding to the needs of man
and nature which have existed in the past and will
inevitably exist in the future.
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PROJECT STATEMENT
The project I have elected to program is a 120
room resort hotel in Phoenix, Arizona. The site
is located on the edge of the metropolitan suburbs
remote from the hustle and bustle of the inner
city. The site is in a tourist-oriented area and
will facilitate various activities. A key factor
in determining the facility-type was the already
present market and attraction for tourists to this
area. The development of the tourist industry
in the Phoenix metro area has been recognized as a
basic tool for economic growth. The resort hotel
will likewise attract tourists and accommodate
vacationers. The scale of this project will be
relatively small, it will have approximately
102,000 square feet overall and numerous
services. This new structure will seek refuge
from its harsh arid environment and allow a
comfortable, relaxed environment for its guests.
The resort will cater to a variety of visitors,
local and foreign. It will expose the natural
and dramatic context of the Phoenix area with the
purpose of making the stay a comfortable,
exciting, and memorable experience.
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THESIS TOPIC
The topic of this project asks the question — Can
architecture be a natural system? To answer this
question we must first define a "natural system".
According to Ervin Laszlo "a natural system is the
highest level of organizational invariance"^
('natural' is used in contrast to artificial and
not with social). He states that "natural
systems" have real content and are not just alot
of [mumbo-jumbo]. "any system which does not owe
its existence to conscious human planning and
execution is a natural system — including man
himself, and many of the multiperson systems in
which he participates".^ Although the concept of
natural systems is vast and its content is
general, we can say things about natural systems
that set them apart from other things.
Laszlo writes on systems and presents information
relevant to the principles of architecture.
Architecture is more than a collection of separate
elements, more than style, and more than abstract
forms derived from antiquity. Architecture is
derived from the knowledge, understanding, and the
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study of activities, the people, and the
environment.
Instead of looking at a system and deciding if it
is natural or not, it would be more accurate to
analyze the system by using Laszlo's four points.
THESIS SYNTHESIS
The following pages present information on systems
theory based on Ervin Laszlo's book "The Systems
View of the World". "In the history of Western
science, atomistic and holistic ways of thinking
have altered. Early scientific thinking was
holistic but speculative; the modern scientific
temper reacted by being empirical but atomistic.
Neither is free from error, the former because it
replaces factual inquiry with faith and insight,
and the latter because it sacrifices coherence at
the alter of facticity. We witness today another
shift in ways of thinking: the shift toward
rigorous but holistic theories. This means
thinking in terms of facts and events in the
context of wholes, forming integrated sets with
their own properties and relationships. Looking
at the world in terms of such sets of integrated
relations constitutes the systems view."^ This
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view on systems gives us a perspective for viewing
man and nature. And this gives us a mode of
organizing existing findings in reference to the
concept of systems and systematic properties and
relationships. "Instead of reducing phenomena to
the concourse of atoms, we now reduce them to the
behavior of systems."* It is under this view that
the subsystem theory of "natural systems" occurs
in philosophy.
Every theory generalizes certain commonalities —
the recurrent features of phenomena: the
invariances. "the more general the concept, the
more widespread the invariance which it grasps; it
tells us less about the individual peculiarities
of a thing and more about what it shares with
other things." In the systems view, if you want
to know what is truly fundamental about a thing,
"you define [it] as a natural phenomena of
organized complexity — a natural system."^ The
following are four organizational invariances
said to characterize natural systems:
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I. Natural Systems Are Wholes with Irreducible Properties
"'Wholes' and 'heaps' are not mysterious
metaphysical notions but clearly, even
mathematically, definable states of complex
entities. Wholes are not the simple sum of their
parts, and heaps are... One part more or less
means adding or taking away that particular part's
physical mass and manifest properties, nothing
more."' He continues to say that an entity having
some formal structure built on the basis of an
interdependence among its parts will in its most
basic form consists of two parts, where the
outcome is something more than the simple sum of
the properties of each. This entity is then
classified as a 'whole' and not a 'heap.'
Design Impact
The significance of each design decision should be
taken into consideration knowing that the
decision, whether big or small, will affect the
final product and the performance of the building.
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Architecture should be considered as a whole. The
composition of this whole should not be destroyed
by adding or subtracting any one element. If the
final design is affected by such alterations
then the design cannot be a natural system.
II. Natural Systems Maintain Themselves in a Changing Environment
The physical world on the whole is approaching a
state of ultimate disorganization. This is due to
the limited energy available in virtue of the way
its components are organized. The principle
expressed by this fundamental law of nature is the
so-called Second Law of Thermodynamics. It states
that within any given isolated system energy
stored in virtue of the organization of the
components gets used up and the system gets
correspondingly disorganized. There is an
exception to this rule "that is, there can be
subsidiary systems within the whole system, and
these subsystems can get more organized as time
goes on, rather than less."' These parts
(subsystems) become organized at the expense of
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the other parts (whole). "If any thing is to
mainta.in itself in proper running condition, it
must act as a subsystem within the total system
which defines its energy supplies. It must be so
organized that it draws energies from its
environment, and burns them up in running itself.
That is, it must take in substances which contain
energies in a form which it can use for its own
purposes. It then puts out waste products in the
form of used-up substances, impoverishing its
environment to that extent. The energies gained
can be used to run the subsystem — something
which inevitably has to be paid for in terms of
the total supply of energy — and to carry out the
necessary maintenance work. All this is directly
involved in sustaining a subsystem over an
appreciable period of time... The particular
configuration of parts and relationships which is
maintained in a self-maintaining and repairing
system is called a 'steady-state.' It is a state
in which energies are continually used to maintain
the relationship of the parts and keep them from
collapsing in decay- This is a dynamic state, not
a dead inert one. The technical definition of a
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natural system is 'open system in a steady-state.'
Openness refers to the import-export activities of
the system, which it needs to 'stay in the same
place,' that is, to maintain its own dynamic
steady-state."' Thus, natural systems can obtain
their own required energy and counteract the decay
of the parts in a manner needed to maintain the
present-state.
Design Impact
In order for a building to be a natural system,
it must generate the required energy necessary to
maintain the functions it was designed for. The
architectural structure must not only take from
the larger system (environment) but also give
something(whether energy for an other subsystem or
the production of an element) to assist in the
maintenance and evolution of the larger system.
III. Natural Systems Create Themselves in Response to the Challenge of the Environment
"If natural systems were merely to maintain the
'status quo' throughout the range of circumstance
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they encounter there would be no evolution, no
patterns of development, and nothing we could call
progress. Things would either succeed in
remaining what they are, or go under. The
evidence indicates, however, that many things not
only manage to offset the pernicious influences of
forces in their environment but are capable of
development. Natural systems evolve new
structures and new functions; they create
themselves in time."'
There are two forms of change:
The first form is the preprogrammed kind of change
— it does not make up its own patterns of
development but follows already established
pathways. This form is called "ontogenesis." The
second form is "polygenesis", which is the
"creative advance of nature." This is what Laszlo
means by the self-creativity of natural systems.
"It signifies the ability of systems to generate
the very information which codes their structure
and behavior-""
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Design Impact
Architecture must adapt to the ever-changing needs
and values of its users. It must also have the
ability to adapt to the demands of the larger
system (the environment) or be destroyed.
IV. Natural Systems Are Coordinating Interfaces in Nature's Hierarchy
"Organization in nature comes to resemble a
complex, multilevel pyramid, with many relatively
simple systems at the bottom and a few (and
ultimately one) complex system (s) at the top.
Between these limits all natural systems take
intermediate positions; they link the levels below
and above them. They are wholes in regard to
their parts, and parts with respect to higher-
level wholes.""
"Individual subsystems within a complex system
fill the roles of coordinating interfaces their
function is to pull together the behavior of their
own parts, and to integrate this joint effort with
the behavior of other components in the system.
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This is a function which all natural systems must
perform if they are to maintain themselves.""
Particular parts of a system can influence the
systems by providing new input. "They either
succeed in reforming some strands of coordination
in the whole system, or they cause their own
destruction, either by killing off the system that
supplies them with their vital necessities, or by
making it reject them.""
Design Impact
Architectural decisions influence not only the
immediate area but can also affect perimeter areas
not directly connected. Every decision affects
the whole. The subsystem interfacing of the
design (i.e. the structural, mechanical,
electrical, etc.) can assure a successful design
or be disastrous to the whole. The survival of
the system constitutes a natural system.
THESIS STATEMENT
The purpose of this project is to investigate
through the use of the natural context and the use
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of energy responsive design if architecture can be
a natural system. My intent is to follow Ervin
Laszlo's guidelines presented in his book "The
Systems View of the World" and design a resort
hotel which will bring man and nature into a
balanced system.
THESIS VEHICLE
"Resort hotels are built in the midst of natural
splendors, and success depends upon how well the
design is integrated into the setting. No one
wants to travel to an out-of-the-way place only to
be cut off from the exotic environs by an
anonymous structure that gives little clue to its
locale. A good resort takes advantage of the
landscape, optimizing the natural resources; a
better-resort responds not only to the climate and
topography, but to the cultural history of its
particular place.""
Charles K. Gandee
This description of a resort hotel puts forth a
challenge for designers to respond to the site and
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region giving attention to pressing issues now
confronting the profession while remembering the
ever-present needs of people.
The focus of this program is as resort hotel in
the Phoenix metropolitan area. A significant
aspect of this project is the potential for high
quality development and innovative energy-
responsive design on arid land. The resort will
enrich the environment for people and maintain the
natural characteristics of the site. This
structure will enable me to investigate the
relationship between man and nature integrating
their components into a natural whole.
The resort complex is mainly for visitors and will
impact their stay by portraying the systems theory
as it pertains to energy, materials, and the
environment. The primary function of the complex
requires that the design provide a transition from
all the different walks of life to a unified group
of quests facilitating a variety of activities.
Along with the living units the resort will have a
conference area, a recreational area, a retail
area, and administration offices. The expression
of architecture as a system will envelope the
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complete structure. The architectural elements
will provide a demonstration of the sensitive-
energy-responsive design. This will give the
public the alternative of experiencing the harsh
arid climate or seeing the effects of passive
energy solutions derived by facing our present-
day architectural issues and at the same time
being part of an exploration into systems theory-
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Notes
1 Laszlo. The Systems View of the World, pg. 23
2 Ibid. pg. 23.
3 Ibid. pg. 19.
4 Ibid. pg. 19.
5 Ibid. pg. 24.
6 Ibid. pg. 27.
7 Ibid. pg. 36.
8 Ibid. pg. 37.
9 Ibid. pp. 46-47.
10 Ibid. pg. 47.
11 Ibid. pg. 67.
12 Ibid. pg. 68.
13 Ibid. pg. 70.
14 Architectural Record. July 1980. pg. 110.
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THESIS CASE STUDIES
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THESIS CASE STUDY (1)
Laredo Demonstration Blueprint Farm
This project uses the site as a dominant force and
considers the farm on a global scale allowing the
use of alternative and passive energy systems that
represent possible uses within similar biomes
around the world. It does not exclude already
existing elements found in the different biomes,
such as, mesquite flooring discovered to be widely
used in Argentina or the wind towers indigenous to
Iran. The ability to use various design elements
from around the world and incorporate them into a
design is a good example of what the resort hotel
is wanting to accomplish. Although the Laredo
Farm is different in function, it allowed many
environmental conscious elements to work together
as a system.
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Project:
Facility-type:
Client:
Architect:
User:
When and Where:
Site:
Building:
Major Spaces:
Budget:
Laredo Demonstration Blueprint Farm
prototype farm using local resources and a global concept
Texas Department of Agriculture; Laredo Junior College
The Center for Maximum Potential Building Systems; Austin, Texas
codirectors — Pliny Fisk III and — Gail D. A. Vittori
local farmers selected to operate and grow foods (fruits and vegetables) to sell at community markets
Laredo, Texas; May 1991
It is located next to the Laredo Junior College and a former army post. The area is on the local desert; water is scarce.
It is composed of five "sheds" surrounded by polyester panels at the perimeter.
1) Offices 2) Classrooms 3) Storage 4) Agricultural production
$473,000 — $20 per square foot (building)
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m^'-^i
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i?:-i:vn
Adapted from structures found in Iran, the
sheds' wind towers (top) circulate cool air.
Porous, moistened intake pads atop a down-
draft tower (section) draw in and cool outside
air, which circulates through space below
into an adjacent shed and up through an
updraft tower. The a:r exchange rate is con
trolled by changing ambient temperature and
humidity. Inside downdraft shed (facing
page), delicate folded steel trusses, which
attach to the building's superstructure,
support a roof peeled away at the tower to
let light filter in. Walls of straw bales covered
in sprayed-3n cement provide insulation.
TYPICAL PACKING SHED
DOWNDRAFT EVAF>0RAT(V£ COOLING T0>':£n
RECYCLED OIL-DRILUNG ROD POLES
STRAW BALE STUCCO WALLS
CONCflETE FOUNDATION (UME P02Z0LAN)
LIGHTWEIGHT STEEL TRUSSES
COPHUGATEO SHEET METAL HOOF (IRONj
SLIDING V;OOD DOOflS (MESOUITE'
STABILIZED EARTH FLOOR 'CAUCHEi
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ' * * i t * - * - * * ^ t * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 2 6 * * * * * *
***************************************** na tu ra l systems *******
A ^ ^ A ^ ^
Waste Treatment and Water Replenishment 1. Wind turbines (water pumping) 2. Wetland marsh (hyacinth) 3. Sedimentation pond 4. Sludge thickening 5. Cisterns (water storage) 6. Compost for solid waste (in shed) 7. Organic solid waste
Wind Power I 1200
Hyacinth
Low-Energy Materials 6. Recycled oil-well drilling stems 9. Tensile steel cable structures
10. Packing shed (straw, lime, pozzolan, caliche, iron ore) 11. Permeable paving (mesquite)
Cooling/Refrigeration 12. Downdraft cooling towers 13. Zeolite refrigeration (nonfreon-based) 14. Continuous shade (reduces open-space temperatures)
Downdraft Tower
^ > Agricultural Systems 15. Agro-forestry area 16. Vegetable area 17. Farm insectary
"By mapping avai lab le mater ia l s and technologies , Max Pot created a s e l f - su s t a in ing farm with symbolic a g r i c u l t u r a l systems. Shaded areas of the world represent deser t regions bordering grass lands , where cl imates are s imi la r to t h a t of South-west Texas."^
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 27 * * * * * *
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"Energy sources for refrigeration are wind generators (view from the southwest, top photo) Zinc-impregnated polyester awnings (view from the northeast, bottom photo) block wind and extend growing seasons."'
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"Under the canopy that shades crops from the sun (top), temperatures drop 10 to 15 degrees. Two prominent cisterns collect infrequent rainfall for irrigation, natural cooling, and dissipating heat emitted by zeolite refrigeration."^
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Analysis
On Laredo's northwest edge four wind generators
rise up as beacons of an odd experiment. "In the
shadow of these propelled towers, researchers and
laborers marry limited local resources and high
technology to forge a prototype for farming...
Utopian in spirit, the farm is a vivid example of
the architectural and ecological theories of the
Center for Maximum Potential Building Systems."*
"Studying the interrelationships that determine
patterns of building and habitation around the
world, architect Fisk and generalist Vittori
approach each problem — a house, a city plan, or,
as in Laredo, a demonstration farm and market —
through a matrix of overlapping factors such as
geological formations, climatic conditions,
vegetation patterns, building precedents, waste
streams, and useful technological innovations,
beginning always from a global perspective and
working toward a micro, project-specific level...
Fisk says that this 'process framework' addresses
the time-honored environmentalist priority of
preserving the air, land, and water of the planet.
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Maximum Potential also stakes out a strong agenda,
promoting the built environment, such as Blueprint
Farm, as a locus for not just providing food, but
recycling waste, redistributing wealth, and
harnessing urban sprawl."^
"It might seem like overkill to take the whole
world into account just to plan a 2-acre farm.
But because it is considered on a global scale,
the Laredo project represents one biome, or a
particular set of climatic conditions, within
similar biomes scattered around the globe.
Climatically, Laredo sits along a tenuous
transition between the arid Southwest and the
prairie grasslands. The same meeting of arid
desert and temperate grassland also occurs in
South America between Uraguay and Argentina, north
and south Africa, and in southeastern Australia.
The sheds' wind towers were borrowed from models
indigenous to Iran, which occupies a biome similar
to the arid half of Laredo's. Fisk has created a
farm that, once its divergent ideas and processes
are integrated, will open up further options for
design and living in the distant yet similar
biomes that inspired its development. In sharing
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knowledge among biomes, Fisk says, each region
can advance with its climatic partners, whether
First or Third World.
WitJi the completion of Blueprint Farm, Max pot
will soon concentrate on integrating its various
physical elements: wind generators, cisterns,
wastewater treatment areas, farming plots, work
spaces, and storage areas. The farm will serve
two roles, growing fruits and vegetables for sale
to the community and providing a market for local
farmers.
Refrigeration will be powered by four lO-kilowatt
wind generators and will someday rely on the solar
absorptive cooling promised by the common mineral
zeolite (a largely discarded byproduct of mining
for lignite coal near Laredo). The material
absorbs moisture from the air when heated,
providing refrigeration. Absorbed heat can be
removed by a heat exchanger to increase zeolite's
cooling efficiency and to power slow cookers for
the canning process. Although Max Pot understands
the technology, its application at Blueprint Farm
is still a few years away.
In an area on the edge of the desert, water takes
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on a sacred presence in the farm's operation. 'In
a very real sense, it's a game of how long you can
hold water on the site,' says Fisk. Two 2,000-
gallon cisterns occupy primary positions amid the
small building cluster. They collect runoff from
infrequent rains, channelling any excess to wells.
The cisterns moisten porous pads at the intake of
the downdraft wind tower atop two of the sheds,
creating a self-regulating airflow, dictated by
temperature and humidity. The airflow cools
interior spaces before cycling through an updraft
wind tower in an adjacent shed. The cisterns will
also dissipate surplus heat from a future ground-
source heat pump and the zeolite refrigeration.
Water pumped from the Rio Grande will be used for
treating the farm's waste in a sedimentation pond
and march. Fisk argues that similar, larger scale
efforts to clean the water that returns to the
river could reverse years of chemical-fertilizer
runoff that has polluted the Rio Grande.
Max Pot assumes that all knowledge, no matter how
seemingly unrelated, is worth applying,
'knowledge — in principle inexhaustible,' writes
POWERSHIFT author Alvin Toffler, 'is the ultimate
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substitute [for other resources]... The only
reason we now ship huge amounts of raw materials
across the planet is that we lack the knowledge to
convert local materials into substitutes.' Fisk is
mining for the knowledge to capitalize on local
resources such as mesquite, caliche, zeolite, etc.
to sustain settlements on the peripheries of
existing cities."*
Fisk has succeeded in designing a powerful image
providing an alternative to the amorphous, earth-
sheltered cocoons and reflector-laden passive-
solar machines of the 1970's. His concerns are
about conserving resources, promoting local
economies, and integrating buildings into their
surroundings which should also be recycled back
into architecture.
0*^0 0
site schematic:
® ^ o
8
O® ®®
1. packing area 2. offices 3. classroom 4. storage
5. agriculture production 6. wind turbines 7. composting area 8. fruit production
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Notes
1 Architecture, May 1991. pg. 67
2 Ibid., pg. 67.
3 Ibid., pg. 68.
4 Ibid., pg. 65.
5 Ibid., pg. 65.
6 Ibid., pp. 67 - 70.
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THESIS CASE STUDY (2)
Biosphere II
The initial analysis after looking at Biosphere II
is to say that this project explores the systems
theory in great depth. However, after further
analysis the project seems more like an experiment
in itself and doesn't study the architectural
aspect but rather tries to create an artificial
environment apart from earth. The results
discovered in this environment are very different
from those found in Biosphere I (earth). The main
reason why the difference occurs is because this
artificial environment can not recreate earth,
only a similar model. The project does deal with
the issue of systems yet the result is not like my
desired outcome.
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Project:
Facility-type:
Client:
Architect:
User:
When and Where:
Site:
Building:
Biosphere II
model of Earth within an enclosed environment
Space Biospheres Ventures
Sarbid Corporation
four men and four women along with 3,800 species of plants and animals
Catalina Mountains, Arizona; completed on June 1991
The boundary conditions cover 3.15 miles in the Sonoran Desert
The facility encloses 7 million cubic feet accommodating six ecological communities or "biomes", in addition to staff living areas
Major Spaces: I. Four biomes in the North-South wing
1) a rain forest 2) a marine biome 3) a savannah 4) a desert
II. West wing
1) an agriculture biome
III. North of West wing
1) a "habitat" biome
a) 10 staff rooms b) laboratories
******************************************************* 37 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
c) offices d) libraries e) recreational facilities
Budget:
IV. exterior buildings
1) two rubber diaphragms that act as lungs to react to the change of air-pressure In th6 Biosphere.
2) a 5.5 megawatt power plant
$150 million (construction)
SITE PLAN
SECTION THROUGH WILDERNESS BIOMES
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 38 * * * * * *
***************************************** natural systems *******
"A green oasis in the desert with its most dramatic element the intricate space frame that encloses more than three acres,"
******************************************************* 40 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
A view that captures the saltwater 'ocean' with its own beach.
******************************************************* 41 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
Analysis
"It is designed as an airtight container
completely sealed off from the outside world for
two years. Thirty-five electronic sensors linked
to computers will monitor the concentration of
each element of this environment, from temperature
and humidity to more than a dozen gases.
Computers collecting the information will activate
ventilating, heating, cooling, and air, water, and
waste recycling systems."'
Biosphere planners explain that the experience
will offer a tool for understanding life on earth
and serve in applying recycling technologies for
new water and air purification — which may be
applicable to some pollution problems or 3
artificial environments such as space stations.
Biosphere has already earned its place in
architectural history by becoming one of the most
unprecedented structures ever built.
This project does deal with systems theory but
ventures off on its own. The direction of its
designers is different from the perspective of
developing a natural system.
******************************************************* 42 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
Notes
1 Architecture. May 1991. pg. 77
2 Ibid., pg. 77.
3 Ibid., pg. 78.
****** ************************************************* 43 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
******************************************************* 44 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
CONTEXT ANALYSIS
CULTURAL CONTEXT
Phoenix has long been considered the hub of the
Southwest and enjoys one of the fastest growing
populations in the nation. Twenty neighboring
communities join Phoenix and Scottsdale to
comprise the Valley of the Sun. Metropolitan
Phoenix is a study of contrasts where old meets
new and tradition meets trend. Founded in 1870,
Metro Phoenix is a young city now populated by
2.2 million people and holds the distinction of
being the fastest growing metropolitan area over
the last decade. It struggles to preserve the
ways of the past while paving the roads of the
future. The city is saddled between the McDowell,
Superstitions, White Tank and South Mountains. An
open exposure to the West and clear skies, yielded
the nickname, "Valley of the Sun"-
Throughout the communities, there is a myriad of
cultural and sporting events throughout the year
making this a mecca of Southwestern flavor —
liifiiie*************************************************** 45 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
whether its professional football, baseball or
golf, mass appeal is ensued with abundant
shopping, dining, art festivals and American
Indian cultural celebrations. The area boasts
more Mobil Five Star resorts than any other city,
giving the distinction of being "the resort
capital of the world". Much like the mythical
phoenix bird which is said to have risen from its
ashes, the modern incarnation of Phoenix today is
a reflection of its earlier civilizations. The
culture of ancient Indian tribes is woven into
a intricate society also threaded with the
influences from bordering Mexico and the hearty
pioneers who propagated the cowboy spirit for
which the area is now reputed.
Thus, the probeibility of a resort hotel in the
area is likely since tourism is already
established and the location of t±ie facility being
remote has tihe potential of attracting many
visitors. Access is not a big issue in terms of
arriving but the response to the arrival of
visitors must be considered.
******************************************************* 46 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTEXT
Live-in Environment
The psychology aspect of the users is significant
in planning the facility. When looking at
resorts, people look for a place that offers
advantages that their home does not have whether
in being comfortable or in facilitating other
activities of recreation or leisure. One way to
create this homelike environment is to include
ample area in the guestrooms providing nice
furniture and amenities of home. Therefore, when
designing 1:he resort, it is essential to provide
linkage between the active and rigorous areas to
the more relaxed areas.
Public / private Spaces
People learn from what they see in the world
around them and usually adapt to any environment.
One of the most important things to
consider of any design is to connect the building
to the site and the outer world. In regard to
space, people like to interact with others and
******************************************************* 47 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
usually meet in social-oriented activities. These
spaces vary in location and size but are very
necessary to the success of a resort. Thus,
interaction among people should be encouraged and
the spacial arrangement should offer these
opportunities.
Outdoor Areas
People enjoy fresh air and sunshine. Attention
should be given to the landscaping of the outdoor
areas. These areas should provide an openness
from the facility to adjacent recreational or
other functional activities and promote
exercising and walking. The outdoor areas should
be designed carefully to avoid any injuries or
accident:s. The indoor and outdoor spaces need to
be designed to accommodate an easy movement in or
out from these areas optimizing and using natiural
elementis.
Circulation
In resort hotels, the dominant program is for the
guest. Access to all of the facility is necessary
being that most guests are transient and like to
move around at will. Activity areas should be
******************************************************* 48 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
grouped but not too closely together, people
should have room to move about and observe others.
Circulation should be clear in order to encourage
fast easy movement from one space to another. In
order to avoid ambiguous circulation patterns,
each activity should be surrounded by a meandering
pa1::h so that people can look over a potential
activity. Bypass routes should be provided for a
more direct path avoiding interference from one
activity on another. Circulation should also be
barrier-free for the physically handicapped.
BUILT CONTEXT
The proposed site does not have any significant
developments as of date. It is mostly composed of
natural features. Therefore, the built context
analysis will be omitted until a later time after
a visit to the site is completed.
NATURAL CONTEXT
The proposed site for the resort hotel is located
within the Phoenix metropolitan area. The site is
located in the south-west section of the metro.
Access to the site is mainly vehicular due to its
******************************************************* 49 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
remote location. Most adjacent land use
surrounding the site is recreational. A reservoir
is at the base of the hills bridging a creek by an
adobe dam used to control collected rain water
released on demand.
Site Impact
There is no foreseeable danger as the result of
this project for the health or safety of the
surrounding population. The project will place
additional traffic load on the surrounding
roadways. Also due to the nature of the project,
the frequency and time of traffic along the
surrounding roadways may alter throughout all
hours of the day and night. The development and
zoning of that area relative to what may already
have been planned may cause land values to
fluctuate. No negative impacts are foreseeable on
existing developments other than the increased
competition between this and other similar
facilities. No financial burdens will fall on the
surrounding community as a result of the
realization of this project.
******************************************************* 50 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
Climate
Classified as hot-arid, the climate of the Phoenix
area provides mild winters, very pleasant spring
and fall weather, and high summer temperatures.
Typically there is low relative humidity, often
under 20% and low annual precipitation. Sunshine
averages 86 percent of the possible amount,
ranging from a minimum monthly average of about 77
percent in January to 94 percent in June.
There are two distinct rainfall seasons. The
first, from November through March, is
characterized by "light" storms from the Pacific.
The second, called the "monsoon season", is a hot,
humid period in late summer characterized by late
afternoon and evening thunderstorms. Violent dust
storms may precede heavy rains typical of this
season. Total annual rainfall averages below ten
inches, but the intensity of some of the storms is
capable of causing rapid flooding and drainage
difficulties.
The region, in general terms, is not windy.
During the spring months west and southwesterly
breezes predominate. In July and August — the
******************************************************* 51 ******
*******************************4r********* natural systems *******
thunderstorm season — there are often locally
strong, gusty winds; usually, but not always,
flowing from a southeasterly direction.
Throughout the year it is not uncommon to have
long periods of several days in which the wind
does not exceed 10 miles an hour. Summer breezes
are considered an asset.
It is expected to take advantage of opportunities
for possible outdoor activities and use. It is
important to note that protection from the sun is
necessary for much of the day for at least four
months each summer. In contrast, during the
winter months the lower ambient temperatures make
sunshine highly desirable.
Daytime temperatures from October 1 to May 15 are
moderate and conducive to outdoor activities;
heavy clothing is not necessary. Normal daily
highs are frequently between 55 and 65 degrees,
and occasionally warmer. Winter evenings can be
chilly, with low temperatures frequently in the
40's.
From about May 20 through July 10, daytime highs
are typically above 100 degrees, but the dryness
and light breezes combine to make passive outdoor
******************************************************* 52 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
activities enjoyable. With highs that may reach
115 degrees, shade is imperative for outdoor
comfort.
The "humid" period extends from about July 10
through September 5. While the daytime highs may
be slightly lower than late June and early July,
the higher relative humidity adds considerable
discomfort for any outdoor activity. During these
months evening temperatures can remain in the
90's.
Possibilities for responding to t:his climate
include shading devices, insulation, double roofs,
deep reveals, high ceilings, small windovrs, etc.
Caution must given to the creation of sun pockets,
which are areas where the stui's rays are radiated
emd re-radiated from opposing surfaces. Large
areas of concrete and pavement should be shaded to
make these areas more comfortable. Because of the
climate of Phoenix and the orientation of the
site, the natural energy resources of the site
should be optimized. Solar energy can be utilized
for daylighting and passive heating. Lemdscaping
and building materials can also help in the
design.
******************************************************* 53 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
Geological Setting
I will assume that surface and subsurface
conditions will allow for excavation and
earthmoving. The bearing capacity of subsurface
soils is adequate for the anticipated
construction.
Phoenix is located in earthquake zone 2.
No land slides, subsidence, or earthquakes are
likely to occur in this area or in areas
immediately relative to the site.
The following table provides the normal maximum, minimum, and mean monthly temperatures for this area:
HORMAL MAXIMUM, MINIMUM AND MEAN TCMPERATURE BY MONTH 1950-1981
January February March April May June July August Sepiember October November December
fMXIMUM 652 69.7 74.5 83.1 92.4
102.3 105.0 102.3
982 87.7 74.3 66.4
MINIMUM 39.5 42.5 46.7 53.0 61.5 70.6 79.5 77.5 70.9 59.1 46.9 402
MEAN 52.3 56.1 60.6 68.0 77.0 86.5 92.3 89.9 64.6 73.4 60.6 53.3
Annual 85.1 57 J 712
Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Assoaation, Technical MemoranriiimNWSWR-177 March 1983.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 54 * * * * * *
***************************************** natural systems *******
CONTEXT CASE STUDIES
******************************************************* 55 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
CONTEXT CASE STUDY (1)
Spring Lake Park Visitors Center
This project is similar to the resort hotel in
that it requires the facility to relate to the
individual user as well as to the group users. It
is to provide for a place to visit expressing a
"sympathetic relationship to the environment.""
The focus of the facility was intended to be a
environmental educational tool, allowing visitors
a direct look at how the center dealt with its
environment in a manner least detrimental to all.
******************************************************* 56 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
Project:
Paci1ity-type:
Client:
Architect:
User:
When and Where:
Site:
Building:
Major Spaces:
Budget:
Spring Lake Park Visitors Center
visitor center
Sonoma County Parks Department
Obie G. Bowman
local Park administration and visitors
Santa Rosa, California; not built
sloping site on a oak and buckeye forest
It is will house exhibition areas and administration space for the Sonoma Parks Department
1) Offices 2) exhibition area 3) Amphitheater
unknown
******************************************************* 57 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
CEILING FAN DISCHARGES HOT AIR THROUGH EAVE VENTS AUTOMATIC LOUVERS
VENT COLLECTOR VIA ROOF VENTS
COOLING SECTION
SUPPLY MANIFOLD WITH BLOWERS
WOOD-BURNING STOVE WITH CATALYTIC COMBUSTOR
HEATING SECTION
^ ^ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 58 * * * * * *
************************************^i,**** natural systems *******
' ' I
•III > 1.
r ^ y
'.'-•/
ja^;^; _y.
******************************************************* 59 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
Analysis
The Visitors Center is a 2,000-square-foot
pyramidal structure designed by Obie G. Bowman
(the architect of Sea Ranch.) "The client's
primary concern was that the building establish a
sympathetic relationship to the environment.
Accordingly, Bowman set the building down into the
natural grade with concrete retaining walls and
incorporated an amphitheater within the sloping
site. To provide shading while creating a
translucent enclosure with views to the
surrounding landscape, the architect completely
covered the glazed structure with wooden louvers
and topped it with an attic housing, a natural
ventilation system... 'recognizing the California
need for shading,' and 'integrating an appropriate
energy conservation system within the building's
architecture.'
Solar collectors oriented to the southeast take
advantage of heat gain and are augmented by a
wood-burning stove and fans in the attic to
******************************************************* 60 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
architect developed a series of underground
cooling tubes combined with an attic fan that
sucks the cool air up through the visitors center.
The exhibit area is housed in a central tentlike
structure within the main space, but the entire
center is intended to be a environmental
educational tool in itself, allowing visitors a
behind-the-scenes look at the building's
mechanical systems.
Pedestrian access with remote parking maintains
the character of the site's oak and buckeye
forest. To minimize damage to the sensitive site
during construction, the area will be fenced off
to protect its woodland... Trees and Boulders
removed from the site during construction will be
reused to build a storyteller's cavern
approximately 45 feet southeast of the main
building."'
Site schematic;
1. main area 2. attic 3. amphitheater
4. parking 5. future cavern
******************************************************* 61 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
CONTEXT CASE STUDY (2)
Phoenix Solar Oasis Model
This project deals with climatic techniques in an
urban environment integrating a public plaza into
a desert community. The design achieves a goal
similar to what the resort needs to accomplish and
that is to create an area that facilitates people
in a harsh environment.
******************************************************* 62 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
Project:
Faci1ity-type:
Client:
Planner:
User:
When and Where:
Site:
Building:
Major Space:
Budget:
Phoenix Solar Oasis Model
Urban plaza (re-development)
city of Phoenix
Jeffrey Cook
city pedestrians
Phoenix, Arizona; (plan)
city center
It is composed of ten cool towers and a tensile shelter.
1) plaza 2) sitting areas
unknown (9000 meters sq.)
***** ************************************************** 63 ******
***************************************** na tura l systems *******
******************************************************* 64 ******
***************************************** na tura l systems *******
******************************************************* 65 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
Analysis
This comprehensive urban design proposal includes
bioclimatic techniques to modify the outdoor
experience on the top of a concrete car parking
structure in the center of one of the hottest
cities of the world. Architectural, biological
and mechanical devices are integrated in a public
plaza that has educational and demonstration
purposes — it is a model for transforming the
urban environment of desert communities.
The solar oasis is a refreshing island of public
space in the city center, an open meeting place
that filters and modulates the harshness of a
desert climate. Two rows of cool towers establish
the east side of the Oasis. Ten cool towers are
18m tall and passively provide a reverse chimney
by evaporating water at the top. The heavier and
cooler humidified air freely drops pulling new air
in the top, and causing a draft of evaporatively
cooled air at the bottom. At plaza level in
midsummer the air to a height of 1.7m is changed
and cooled passively every 20 seconds.
******************************************************* 66 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
An asymmetrical tensile shelter allows the warmth
of winter morning sun to penetrate, but provides
shade during other times. The dynamic shape has
hot air exhausts at its low points. The diagonal
path protects the main pedestrian route across the
plaza.
******************************************************* 67 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
End Notes
1 Architecture. May 1991. p. 83.
2 Ibid., p. 83.
3 Progressive Architecture. September 1991 p. 35.
******************************************************* 68 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
ANALYSIS OF ACTIVITIES
******************************************************* 69 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
overview of Guest Activities
One must consider the wide array of possible interests of the resort user before breaking them down into individual activities. These interests include the following.
Year Round Activities
These activities take place in the summer as well as the winter. Year-round activities provide a homogeneous continuity of resort life during all seasons of the year.
Social Activities
Social Activities at any resort include eating, drinking, dancing, talking and relaxing. Social life, to most vacationers, is the main reason why they are there.
* Eating is done in an atmosphere that is comfortable and relaxing. It is one of the most favorite and required activities.
* Drinking is done almost anywhere at a resort hotel. It helps people to relax and should be focused toward social functions and away from recreational activities.
* Dancing is associated with drinking and relaxing. It usually takes place in the bar/pool area where a sound system or band stand is set up.
* Talking is associated with all the other activities.
* Relaxing is done in areas of less activity and leisure.
******************************************************* 70 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
Recreational Activities
Year-round recreation activities should take place indoors so they are not affected by the weather. Recreation provides entertainment and enjoyment to all participants. It gives a physical outlet for pressure and tension. These are some recreational activities.
* Aerobic Exercise is usually done in classes. This exercise allows men, women, and children to participate. It is done while listening to music in the form of dancing.
* Racquetball is an indoor game played by 2 to 4 players. It has become very popular in the United States.
* Tennis, volleyball, and badminton are indoor sports (outdoor also) that include team involvement and relaxation.
* Swimming is one of the most well-rounded exercises for the respiratory and cardiovascular systems of the body, as well as for toning muscles.
Overview of Service Activities
Next important to the activities of the visitors are the service activities. These are some of the service activities that take place in a resort.
* Reception includes several activities: registration (both guest and advance) cashier and accounting information, mail, messages, keys communication (telephone / switch board) management
* Administration / Accounting This depart:ment has a selected staff with training and/or college degrees with the knowledge of operating a resort hotel.
******************************************************* 71 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
* Housekeeping This activity includes a full-time staff at the service of the user. Housekeeping is responsible for cleaning rooms daily as well as keeping the lobby and restaurant are as clean.
* Food and Beverage (preparation / service) Activities include cooking for and preparing banquets and special events. Also included are the food/bar service in the restaurant and bar areas.
* Maintenance Activities include repair and replacement of broken support equipment in the resort. The landscape maintenance should also be incorporated.
* Retail (purchasing department) This department includes the selling of items for the entire hotel and resort. These items would include dry goods and food for the restaurant, liquors, laundry supplies, paper and office supplies, and maintenance parts and supplies.
* Recreational Services This department includes the preparation an observation of recreational activities. Tours, sports instructors, lifeguards, and other staff should be on hand to schedule and organize recreational activities.
Pattern of Activities
The activities of the resort hotel are centered around the guest. All activities are made to provide an enjoyable and memorable experience for the guest; someone who wants to escape the every day confusion of the business world and engage in one or more activities offered by the resort.
******************************************************* 72 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
Since guests are transient residents of the resort, most activities occur in the guest's primary and public spaces. Social interaction in the resort environment occurs on all levels: private, semi-private, and public.
Preliminary activities pertain to the guest's transition into the resort. Upon arrival, the guest must identify and be invited into the registration area. When registration is completed, the guest will proceed to his primary space; personal accommodations. The area allows the guest to take care of all private activities as well as to prepare and plan for further social interaction.
From his room, the guest behavior pattern cannot be precisely predicted. The guest is expected to fulfill the requirements of basic human needs which include eating, drinking, and sleeping. These activities can be expected to occur in a daily cycle. Guests tend to combine social interaction with these basic needs. The location and relationship of the various public spaces is crucial in creating positive behavioral responses as well as operating efficiently.
Circulation space develops into primary space for social interaction and serves as a linkage between activities. The location of income generating public spaces near main circulation is important to draw people into the resort to allow further use of the facility.
Administration and operation spaces are made to cater to all the needs of the guest, and maintain an excellent image of the resort. Efficient use of resources is key to the operations of the resort. Establishing operational tasks with respect to guest needs and behavior is the basic issue in the success of the resort.
******************************************************* 73 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
User Group
The user of the resort will be derived from all walks of life and all areas of the world. Visitors from the west coast to the east coast of the United States are frequent repeat visitors, while others may be fulfilling a lifetime dream. The attraction of a "sun belt resort area"'
Basic Activity Relationships
Public, private, and semi-private functions interact with one another throughout the resort and frequently through time.
Private Functions
Personal living activities can be divided into private and semi-private functions. Semi-private activities occur in areas of meal preparation and relaxation such as watching television. The guest proceeds into private functions beginning with personal hygiene and ending with sleeping.
Semi-Private Functions
The user group for the Semi-Private activities consists of employee and support organizations for the resort itself. These activities can be divided into Administration and Service facilities.
The administration's function is to advise and control the public, semi-public, and private functions. Service organizations are semi-public and support the resort as a whole, 24 hours a day.
Public Fxinctions
Public functions are the most broadly utilized group of activities on a resort. The user group includes tourists, visitors, and local residents.
******************************************************* 74 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
These activities can occur at the same time, but usually in different places. A person can enter an activity through a transition interface into an activity already in progress. A pattern results and suggests that public activities all exist in different areas, spaces and places, but may and do exist at the same point in time.
******************************************************* 75 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
Specific Activity Analysis
The following analysis will summerize all of the activities and divide them into one of three basic activity groups of a resort: guest, operational, and administrative. Each activity will be broken down into the following categories:
Task — (primary) the physical and behavioral patterns of the activity-
User — the participants of the (task) activity.
Issue — the goal(s) that the user should and may encounter during each activity.
Activity — (related or secondary) perceptions of what the guest will do.
Relationship — a diagram of activities related.
******************************************************* 76 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
Task: Arrival and Departure
User: Guests and Visitors
Issue: The user feels lost and unguided upon arrival at the resort.
Activity:
* view of resort * parking * registration * baggage loading and loading * relaxing and meeting * talking
Relationships:
ARRIVAL
PARKING
BAGGAGE HANDUNG
REGISTRATION
PERSONAL ACCOMODATIONS
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 77 * * * * * *
******************************^,^,^^,^,^,^,^,^,^^ natural systems *******
Task: Registration / Reception
User: Guest and Staff
Issue: The registration area must be visible and accessible inviting the user into the area.
Activity:
* orientation and registration * information * key distribution * mail and messages * baggage storage * talking and relaxing * making telephone calls
Relationships:
ARR VAL
REGISTRATION ^
^ BAGGAGE STORAGE
ADMINISTRATION
^ PUBLIC SPACE
^ PRIVATE SPACE
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *i,*if*.f,*if If JQ * * * * ^ *
***************************************** natural systems *******
Task: Baggage Handling
User: Staff
Issue: Most guests prefer to retain sight of their baggage for fear that it may lost or stolen.
Activity:
* parking * loading and unloading * greeting * directing and informing
Relationships:
* see registration diagram
******************************************************* 79 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
Task: Waiting
User: Guests and Visitors
Issue: The user feels ignored and becomes irritable if forced to wait too long.
Activity:
* relaxing * socializing * reading and contemplation * drinking and snacking * communication by phone
Relationships:
DINING
WAITING
CIRCULATION
A-LOUNGING REGISTRATION
A: PUBLIC ACTIVITIES RECREATION
A.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 80 * * * * * *
***************************************** natural systems *******
Task: Lounging and Drinking
User: Guests and Visitors
Issue: The guest needs to be served and catered to so as to feel in a friendly environment.
Activity:
* eating and drinking * waiting and relaxing * socializing * talking * dancing
Relationships:
CIRCULATION
it i . WAITING
JT LOUNGE DINING
3 ^
3IZ FOOD & BEVERAGE PREPARATION
******************************************************* 81 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
Task: Dining
User: Guests and Visitors
Issue: Resort guests need multiple choices of atmospheres and food selections at all times of the day.
Activity:
* eating and drinking * observing * public interaction * private interaction * entertainment * business / pleasure
Relationships:
* see lounge diagram
******************************************************* 82 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
Task: Assembly / Meeting
User: Guests and Visitors
Issue: Make resort attractive and available for conventions throughout the year especially off season months.
Activity:
* conventions * weddings / receptions * exhibitions * dances / performances * banquets / lectures * food and beverage
Relat ionships :
PARKING
CIRCULATION
WAITING
_ N /
A. RESTROOMS
e
ASSEMBLY
F(X)D PREPARATION ^ SUPPORT FACILITY
sl STORAGE
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 83 * * * * * *
***************************************** natural systems *******
Task: Recreation (active)
User: Guests and Visitors
Issue: Provide for recreational functions so that the users feel comfortable and relaxed.
Activity:
* water sports * tennis * jogging / biking * aerobics * organized sports * hot tub / spa * volleyball * music * changing dress attire
Relationships:
PUBLIC SPACE PRIVATE SPACE
CIRCULATION
GUEST SUPPORT ACTIVITIES
j iLi . SPECIFIC ACITIVITIES
STORAGE e-^ MAINTENANCE
******************************************************* 84 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
Task: Recreation (passive)
User: Guests and Visitors
Issue: Provide for less active functions adjacent to recreation areas where user can sit and cool down or observe.
Activity:
* relaxation * observation * sunbathing * socializing * food and beverage * reading
Relationships:
* see recreation (active) diagram
******************************************************* 85 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
Task: Personal Accommodations
User: Guests
Issue: Provide a restful environment for the user to feel comfort and privacy.
Activity:
* sleeping * dressing / ironing * watching television * telephone * personal hygiene * personal storage * eating and drinking * shaving / bathing * relaxing
Relationships:
PUBLIC SAPCE
CIRCULATION
\/_ PRIVATE SPACE
S''
GUESTROOMS
jJL ^ STORAGE HOUSEKEEPING MAINTENANCE
3ti.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 86 * * * * * *
*************************^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ natural systems *******
Task: Administration / Management
User: Administrative staff
Issue: Provide a warm, receptive environment with easy access to information and communication systems. It is important to keep the resort running efficiently, smoothly, and economically without customer complaints.
Activity:
* registration * supervision * operation of resort * telephone communication * employment / recruitment * staff interaction * meeting / greeting
Relationships:
ACCOUNTING e
PURCHASING
MANAGEMENT
- 2 j ^
COMMUNICA' IONS ^
s / CX)MPUTERS
REGISTRATION
RECEPTION
CLERICAL
e
- i J ^ ADMINISTRATION
. OFFICES
^STORAGES
-^
^ CATERING
^ SERVICES
^ RECEIVING
^ LOADING DOCK
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * y , * y , ^ j ^ * ^ y t * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 3 7 i,i,i,^^^
******************:****>;***^^^^^^^^^^^^j^^^ natural systems *******
Task: Bookkeeping / Accounting
User: Administrative Staff
Issue: To run an efficient accounting department capable of handling the resort's books.
Activity:
* management * accounts payable / receivable * financial reports * auditing * keeping ledger * registration
Relationships:
* see administration / management diagram
******************************************************* 88 ******
********-k*****-k******-k*-k***-ki,-k*i^it-k-ki!ititi!*i, natural systems *******
Task: Secretarial / Clerical / Office
User: Administrative Staff
Issue: The clerical staff is in charge of registration, reservation, and cashier duties. Their environment should be comfortable in order that they may function in a professional manner.
Activity:
* typing / filing * computer skills * xeroxing / mailing * reception * telephone use * relaying messages * storage
Relationships:
* see administration / management diagram
******************************************************* 89 ******
************-k-k**-k*-k*-k****-k*ici,-k*-k-k****-k-k** natural systems *******
Task: Purchasing
User: Administrative Staff
Issue: To receive goods and purchases and process them in an efficient manner.
Activity:
* purchasing supplies * inventory * supervision * security * delivering / receiving * loading / unloading
Relationships:
* see administration / management diagram
******************************************************* 90 ******
**************************^;^;i^*^^^^^^^^yt^^ natural systems *******
Task: Catering
User: Staff
Issue: To deliver services to guests on time.
Activity:
* room service * preparation of food * coordination of food services * storing tableware / linens * deliveries
Relationships:
* see administration / management diagram
******************************************************* 91 ******
****************;(cyt*yt^^^^^yj^y^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ natural systems *******
Task: Back-of-House Areas
User: Operational staff
Issue: To maintain a high quality of work by creating pleasant workable conditions.
Activity:
* supervise services * supervise work schedules * maintain a l l public and pr iva te areas
Relat ionships:
PRIVATE SPACE ^
PUBLIC SPACE ^ - CIRCULATION
-)|tiOUSEKEEPINGh
^ LAUNDRY
> SERVICES
) RECEIVING
^ MAINTENANCE
-) STORAGE
s/_ FOOD & BEVERAGE PREPARATION
******************************************************* 92 ******
*-k**-k-k*ir*-k-k-k-ki!-k-ki^-k-kiK-k-kiK*-k*-k-k-k-k-ki(ifk*i!-k-k-k-k-k natural systems
Task: Housekeeping
User: Operational Staff
Issue: To promote high production level and positive work attitude.
Activity:
* supervise housekeeping staff * clean all areas of guestrooms * clean and store supplies / linens * waste disposal
Relationships:
* see back-of-house-area diagram
*******
******************************************************* 93 ******
********-k**-k-k*-k-k-k-k-k-kickicit*-k-ki,i,icMitici,i^i^iti^i^i(it natural systems *******
Task: Laundry
User: Operational Staff
Issue: To receive, wash, dry, clean, fold, store, and return clean laundry in the least amount of time.
Activity:
* washing * drying * folding / ironing * mending / altering * service storage
distributing clean laundry *
Relationships:
* see back-of-house area diagram
******************************************************* 94 ******
*********-k*-k-k-k-k**-k-k*-k*:*it****-k-ki!-i^i!-kit-ki,itifk-k natural systems *******
Task: Preparing and Serving (food and beverages)
User: Food Service Staff
Issue: To quickly prepare and serve food and drinks to the guests.
Activity:
* lounging and dining service * guestroom service * service storage * preparation of food and beverages * serving * cleaning tables / bar
Relationships:
* see back-of-house area diagram
******************************************************* 95 ******
*********-k****-k-ki,-k-k-k-k-ki,-k-k-k-ki,-^i,i,i,i,.^.^.^i,i,i,.i,.^ natural systems *******
Task: Maintenance
User: Maintenance Staff
Issue: To efficiently maintain the building and its mechanical areas in an orderly and professional manner.
Activity:
* inspection * repairs * preventive and corrective maintenance * storage of equipment * safety checks * emergency
Relationships:
* see back-of-house area diagram
******************************************************* 9g ******
*********-k**-k-k***-ki,-Mi,i,i,i,i,i,i,i,4,i,^^^^^^^^^^^ natural systems *******
Task: Staff Preparation
User: Resort Staff
Issue: To provide an area for the staff to relax.
Activity:
* dressing * personal hygiene * rest and relaxation * personal storage areas * check in / check out
Relationships:
PARKING
JiJii.
ENTRY
STAFF PREPARATION
BACK-OF-HOUSE AREA
PRIVATE SPACE e^—^ PUBLIC SPACE
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * v t * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 97 * * * * * *
***************************************** natural systems *******
Task: Security
User: Security Staff
Issue: To provide check points throughout the resort for surveillance and protection.
Activity:
* supervision over property * monitoring of entrances and exits * supervision over guests and staff * storage for all valuables
Relationships:
SECURITY
J:^
INTERIOR RESORT
PROPERTY
Nl/ EXTERIOR RESORT
PROPERTY
******************************************************* 98 ******
*****************************^^^^^^^^^^^^ natural systems *******
Task: Circulation
User: Guests, Visitors, and Staff
Issue: The resort should provide pleasant patterns of movement between primary activities; both vertical and horizontal It should access all environments to all people while creating interest in circulation paths.
Activity:
* guest interaction * patterns * movement throughout entire site
Relationships:
PUBLIC SPACE ^
PRIVATE SPACE
ENTRY ~PF—
CIRCULATION ADMINISTRATION
) STORAGE
\/' BACK-OF-HOUSE AREAS
******************************************************* 99 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
ANALYSIS OF SPACES
******************************************************* 100 ******
**********************^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ natural systems *******
SPACE SUMMARY
This space list is to help the designer in approaching all the individual areas in the resort. Each space is identified into categories that will distinguish the properties of the space.
PERSONAL ACCOMMODATIONS:
Guest Rooms 39,704 s.f.
Corridors 4,000 s.f.
Maid / Linen 400 s.f.
44,104 s.f.
LOBBY AREA:
Lobby 1,800 s.f.
Front Desk 300 s.f.
Baggage Storage 160 s.f.
1,700 s.f.
ADMINISTRATION:
General Manager's Office 200 s.f.
Secretary's Office 150 s.f.
Assistant Manager's Office 150 s.f.
Clerical Office 350 s.f.
Reservation Office 200 s.f.
:***************************************************** 101 ******
******************************j^^^^^^j^jij^^^ natural systems *******
Front Desk Office 150 s.f.
Director of Catering Office 150 s.f.
Director of Security Office 150 s.f.
Personnel Office 200 s.f.
Housekeeping Office 150 s.f.
Accounting Office 400 s.f.
Record Storage 150 s.f.
2,400 s.f.
FOOD AND BEVERAGE AREAS:
Lounge / Bar 900 s.f.
Restaurant 1,400 s.f.
Snack Bar 150 s.f.
2,450 s.f.
MEETING AREA:
Ballroom 2,400 s.f.
Ballroom Foyer 400 s.f.
Meeting Rooms 1,000 s.f.
Banquet Room 560 s.f.
Storage 400 s.f.
4,760 s.f.
******************************************************* 102 ******
***************************************** natural systems ******'
BACK-OF-THE-HOUSE AREAS:
Main Kitchen
Staff Lounge
Employee Locker Room
Laundry Room
Receiving Area
Trash Area
General Storage
Food and Beverage Storage
Maintenance and Engineering
800 s.f.
216 s.f.
800 s.f.
1,600 s.f.
900 s.f.
(included in rec.)
400 s.f.
100 s.f.
1,000 s.f.
Chief Engineer
Communication Room
Personnel Office
Mechanical Room
(included in engr.)
(included in engr.)
300 s.f.
1,000 s.f.
7,116 s.f.
RETAIL:
Rental Spaces
Rental Storage
Gift Shop / Florist
Newsstand
Game Room
Rental Car
400 s.f.
200 s.f.
300 s.f.
150 s.f.
400 s.f.
200 s.f.
1,650 s.f.
******************************************************* 103 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
MISCELLANEOUS:
Entry Vestibule 1,000 s.f.
Public Restrooms 320 s.f.
Public Phones 50 s.f.
Registration and Coat Room 600 s.f.
Elevator Area 140 s.f.
Storage 200 s.f.
Vending / Ice room 100 s.f.
2,410 s.f.
CIRCULATION
Public Circulation 2,000 s.f
Back-of-House Circulation 1,200 s.f.
3,200 s.f.
RECREATIONAL:
Indoor / Outdoor
Swimming Pool and Spa 3,800 s.f.
Pool Equipment 300 s.f.
Tennis Courts 3,600 s.f.
Weight Training 400 s.f.
Exercise Studio 600 s.f.
Lockers and Steam Room 620 s.f.
Storage 200 s.f.
9,520 s.f.
******************************************************* 104 ******
*****************************^^^^^^^^^^yp^ natural systems *******
PARKING
Restaurant 15 spaces
Meeting Rooms 21 spaces
Visitor 24 spaces
Staff 24 spaces
84 spaces
Guest Parking 58 spaces
Total spaces 142 spaces
Total sq. ft. 49,700 s.f.
******************************************************* 105 ******
*******************************ytyt^^yj^*^** natural systems *******
PERSONAL ACCOMMODATIONS
Guestrooms
Space: Double-Double Guestrooms Presidential Suites Hospitality Suites Suites
Area Required:
Double-Double Room size: 24' x 12' = 288' 108 @ 288' = 31,104 s.f
Presidential Room size: 34' X 34' = 1,156' 2 @ 1,156' = 2,312 s.f.
Hospitality Room size: 28' X 30' = 840' 2 @ 840' = 1,680 s.f
Suites Room size: 24' X 24' = 576' 8 @ 576' = 4,608 s.f.
Functional Description:
Guests personal accommodation. The Double/Double guestroom is meant to accommodate 1 - 4 guests.
Design Objectives:
* accommodate all personal needs * adapt to human needs * provide private outdoor space * flexibility
Occupants:
* varies from room to room
******************************************************* 106 ******
****************************************^ natural systems *******
Space: Corridors
Area Required:
10% of guestrooms = 10% x 39,704 s.f. = 4,000 s.f.
Functional Description:
Provide circulation for guests, service and administration areas.
Design Objectives:
* provide entry way for each guest room * separate guests from service areas * provide alcoves for vending machines * conform to safety regulations (codes)
Occupants:
* all guests and staff
******************************************************* 107 ******
******************************j^^^^^y^y^^**^ natural systems *******
Space: Maid / Linen
Area Required: 400 s.f.
Functional Description:
Center of housekeeping and storage for equipment and supplies
Design Objectives:
* provide access to guest rooms * provide access to all the resort * maximize efforts of employees
Occupants:
* varies but mostly janitors
******************************************************* 108 ******
**-k*ifk-k-k*-k-ki,-ki^-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k**-k-k*-kifA-k-kic-k**-k-k-k-k-k natural systems *******
LOBBY AREA
Space: Lobby
Area Required:
Most hotels provide 6 -10 square feet / guest of floor area in the lobby.
10 X 120 (# of rooms) = 1,200 s.f."
Description:
Area for initial guest entry which provides areas for guest interaction
Design Objectives:
* create a pleasant first impression * be inviting to guests * establish an "ambience" to resort * service main circulation
Occupants:
* varies; depends on traffic periods
FUHcnat Room \
ADMIHISTRATIOM
FROHTDESK
R£TJUL SHOn
GJUUGC
LOBBY
/ : \
RESTAURAKT
LOUMCB
BUESTROOm
RBCREATttm
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 10 9 * * * * * *
***************yjyjy,^^^y^y^y^y^ ^ . ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
TtTfxx*************** natural systems *******
Space: Front Desk
Area Required: 300 s.f.
Functional Description:
Area which contains registration and business activities of the guests
Design Objectives:
* Allow 6 feet per station + 1 for ea, rooms.
* should be easy to identify * present good impression and image * free of structural columns * reservations and operators are near * separate registration and cashier
Occupants:
* 2 - 3 staff
150
FROHTOFF.MGR
RESBRV.MGR
RESCRVATIOHS h COUNTRM
SAFEDEPOSn
WORK AREA
FRONT DESK
^ ^
h RECEPTION
. ^
CASHIER
RMS ASST MGR
ASSTMGR
SOURCE: Rutes, page 170
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * y , ^ y ^ y . y ^ ^ y ^ y ^ y ^ y ^ y ^ ^ y ^ ^ y ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ j ^ Q ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
*****************************yjy^yj^yjyjyj^yjyj^^ natural systems *******
Space: Baggage Storage
Area Required: 200 s.f.
Functional Description:
Long and short-term storage of luggage To unload, store and deliver guest baggage
Design Objectives:
* provide a bellman station near front desk * provide public phone, house phone, paging, and electrical outlets
* provide separate rooms with shelves for baggage and carts and direct access to curb
Occupants:
* none
******************************************************* 111 ******
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ^ y j ********************** natural systems *******
ADMINISTRATION
Space: Administration Areas (12 units)
Area Required: 2,400 s.f,^
Functional Description:
Manage all resort administrative activities. Office area.
Design Objectives:
* need to be easily accessible to guests * need to be accessible to administrative areas
* provide a good work atmosphere to employees
Occupants:
* varies according to each office
TOILETS
F&B ASST MGR
SECRETARY ] - RECEPTION
GEN'L MGR
CONF. RM
Z\
ow. OF PUBUC REL.
SECY
\
I SAl£S DIR. I
SAUS REPS
SALES i CATERING SECTS
SOURCE: Rutes, page 167 COHV.SERV.
J FUNCTION BK.
CATERING MORS ]
BANQUET MGR
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 112 * * * * * *
*******************************^yj^y^yjy,y^^y,y, natural systems *******
FOOD AND BEVERAGE AREAS
Space: Food and Beverage Areas
Area Required:
Lounge / Bar size: 900 s.f.
Restaurant size: 1,400 s.f.
Snack Bar size: 150 s.f.
Functional Description:
To provide flexible areas for eating and drinking allowing a range of moods catering to the guests
Design Objectives:
* allow for public and private interaction * stimulate social interaction * provide entertainment * provide intimate spaces
Occupants:
* Lounge / Bar:
60 seats @ 15 s.f. = 900 s.f.
* Restaurant:
restaurant 160 x 6 s.f. = 960 s.f. ballroom 160 x 2 s.f. = 320 s.f. # of rooms 120 x 1 s.f. = 120 s.f.°
Total = 1,400 s.f.
* Snack Bar: 150 s.f.
******************************************************* 113 ******
***************************************** natural systems * * * * * * *
MEETING AREA
Space: Ballroom
Area Required:
Generally, 15 square feet per guest is acceptable. 15 s.f. x 160 bays = 2,400 s.f.
Functional Description:
To provide a function space for guests to hold conventions, banquets, weddings, and parties.
Design Objectives:
* allow flexibility for various activities * provide a separate function entrance from the street or the parking area.
* locate close to and easily accessible to the lobby.
Occupants:
* maximum capacity of 200 people
BAOROOM FOYER
[>
1 ( rOILITS, ! _ :OATS I
^^^ SALES | _ OFFICE I
\ -BAllROOM
BANQUET ROOMS
MEETING ROOMS
EXHIBmON HAU
b 1 k 1 k 1 k J
STORAGE 1
mCHEM 1
BACK-OF-HOUSE | AREAS 1
******************************************************* 114 *****'
*********-k*-kit*-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-ki,-k-k-ki,-k-k-k-ki^i^i^-k-kit*-k* natural systems *******
Space: Ballroom Foyer
Area Required:
Generally, the ballroom foyer is one sixth times the size of the Banquet/Ballroom area. 1/6 X 2,400 s.f. = 400 s.f.^
Functional Description:
To serve as a space to lounge as well as an enclosed entrance to maintain acoustic and visual separation between resort circulation, areas. Entry to ballroom and meeting rooms.
Design Objectives:
* must be adjacent to lobby and ballroom
Occupants:
* varies with each activity
******************************************************* 115 ******
*******-k*:-k***-k*-k-k-k-k-k-k-k*ic*it*-ki<-k*-k****-k-k**-k natural systems *******
Space: Meeting Rooms Banquet Room
Area Required:
Meeting Room 2 @ 500 s.f. = 1,000 s.f.^ Banquet Room 1 @ 560 s.f. = 560 s.f.
Functional Description:
To provide space for smaller groups to meet for sales promotions, instruction, and meals. To hold conventions, banquets, and parties.
Design Objective:
* Divisibility - allow subdivisions * need to be flexible
Occupants:
* varies from occasion to occasion * maximum capacity of 165 in each meeting
room.
Space: Storage
Area Required: 400 s.f.
Functional description:
Storage for assembly equipment.
Design Objectives:
* provide security for storage * adjacent to back-of-the house
Occupants: none
******************************************************* 116 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
BACK-OF-THE-HOUSE AREAS
Space: Main Kitchen
Area Requirement: 800 s.f.
Functional Description:
Among all of the service areas, food preparation is the most critical in terms of efficient operations and guest satisfaction. The essential connection is to storage, restaurant, elevators, and banquet areas.
Design Objectives:
* provide efficient and compact centers * provide service to all dining areas * minimize distance between kitchen and
restaurant * provide fire protection systems
Occupants:
* 5 - 6
BiUMOM
BANQUET ROOMS }
PREFUNCVON
EMPLOYEE DINING
TRASH
BANOUn PANTRY
MAIN KITCHEN
FOOD t BEV. STORAGE
RECEIVING
ROOM SERVICE AREA
COFFEE SHOP PANTRY
SERVICE \ ElIVATORS I
COFFEE SHOP
RESTAURANT
COCKTAIL LOUNGE
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 1 7 * * * * * *
***************************************** natural systems *******
Space: Staff Lounge
Area Required:
1.8 s.f. X 120 bays = 216 s.f."
Functional Description:
An area for personnel to relax and eat breakfast, lunch, and dinner as well as take breaks.
Design Objectives:
* provide a pleasant, relaxing atmosphere * plan area near kitchen and employee locker rooms
* include vending and coffee machines
Occupants:
* maximum capacity of 18 people
******************************************************* 118 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
Space: Employee Locker Room
Area Required:
Men 350 s.f Women 450 s.f.
Total 800 s.f.
Functional Description:
To provide space for employees to keep their personal belongings, change clothes, rest and relax. It is a preparation area for employees
Design Objectives:
* provide facilities sized according to the staff program and shift schedule.
* plan separate access to toilet area without going through lockers.
Occupants:
* maximum capacity of 45 people
******************************************************* 119******
***************************************** natural systems *******
Space: Laundry Room
Area Required: 1,600 s.f.
Functional Description:
A space to clean and sort laundry for guests linen and employee uniforms. Laundry service for all areas of the resort.
Design Objectives:
* provide linen chute for soiled laundry accessible by housekeeping on all floors.^^
* place uniform issue close to housekeeping * create separate access for night shift
Occupants:
* 4 - 6
******************************************************* 120 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
Space: Receiving / Trash Area
Area Required: 900 s.f.
Functional Description:
Area to receive shipments of supplies as well as to dispose of trash."
Design Objectives:
Receiving * provide raised dock to accommodate 2 semi
trailers * enclose 30 ft long dock, 15 ft office area."
* access should avoid cross traffic Trash * provide refrigerated area for garbage * provide area for washing cans and mats
Occupants:
* varies
^A*****************************************************12i ******
**********************************^*i,icifific natural systems *******
Space: General Storage
Area Required: 400 s.f.
Functional Description:
Area to store deliveries, office supplies, and other dry goods.
Design Objectives:
* locate adjacent to back-of-the-house areas as well as dock.
* provide security and bolted door locks.
Occupants:
* none
Space: Food and Beverage Storage
Area Required:
13% of main kitchen = 100 s.f."
Functional Description:
Storage of banquet equipment, dry foods, serving counters and refrigerated units.
Design Objectives:
* provide storage shelves for dry foods, alcoholic beverages, china, paper products, and silverware.
Occupants:
* none
******************************************************* 122 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
Space: Maintenance and Engineering Chief Engineer Communications area
Area Required: 1,000 s.f.
Functional Description:
Area for engineers and maintenance to operate usually 24 hours a day. Need to be adjacent to back-of-the-house areas and service elevators. Houses maintenance, repair, and engineering activities.
Design Objectives:
* place work shops in a compact manner * provide exhaust system * allow natural light * locate close to exit or dock.
Occupants:
* 6 - 8
******************************************************* 123 ******
*********************************i,ififififif*i, natural systems *******
Space: Personnel Office
Area Required: 300 s.f.
Functional Description:
Area to house personnel, security staff, timeclock, and interviewing area.
Design Objectives:
* include private office for interviewing, training, and counseling employees.
* provide visual control of the entrance and main corridor.
* provide a relaxing atmosphere
Occupants:
* 20 - 25
Space: Mechanical Room
Area Required: 1,000 s.f.
Functional Description:
Area to house transformers, boilers, and maintenance, repair, and engineering activities. Will operate 24 hours a day and needs to be adjacent to back-of-the-house areas and services elevators.
Design Objectives:
* locate work areas adjacent to one another. * possible location at basement or lower level.
* can use north light for work stations
Occupants:
* 4 - 6
******************************************************* 124 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
RETAIL:
Space: Rental Spaces
Area Required: 2 @ 200 s.f. = 400 s.f.
Functional Description:
Lease space available for little shops
Design Objectives:
* allow flexibility for each area * should be located adjacent to main entry * accessible to guests * arrange in manner to secure easily
Occupants:
* varies per lease space
Space: Rental Storage
Area Required: 2 @ 100 s.f. = 200 s.f.
Functional Description:
Storage for lease space
Design Objectives:
* locate adjacent to rental spaces * allow for adaptability * identify each lease space
Occupants:
* none
^c^icii*************************************************** 125******
***************************************** natural systems *******
Space: Gift Shop / Florist
Area Required: 300 s.f.
Functional Description:
Provide flower service for guests and sell small memorable items.
Design Objectives:
* locate adjacent to rental spaces * allow daylight in shop and maintain temperatures to sustain plant life.
Occupants:
* varies
Space: Newsstand
Area Required: 150 s.f.
Functional Description:
Provide newspaper and magazine service to resort and guests.
Design Objectives:
* make easily accessible from entrance * locate adjacent to public area
Occupants:
* varies
^****************************************************** ±26 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
Space: Game Room
Area Required: 400 s.f.
Functional Description:
Provide video games, ping-pong, pool, and pastime alternative to guests.
Design Objectives:
* locate in adjacent to recreational area
* provide security and supervision
Occupants:
* varies during the day
Space: Rental Car
Area Required: 200 s.f.
Functional Description:
Provide car rental for guests. Extends the vacation scope to other tourist attractions in the area.
Design Objectives:
* locate close to parking * may be adjacent to basement underground parking
* easy access to lobby area
Occupants:
* varies
******************************************************* 127 ******
**********************************^s*ic*i,** natural systems *******
MISCELLANEOUS:
Space: Entry Vestibule
Area Required: 1,000 s.f.
Functional Description:
Area for initial guest entry which provides areas for guest interaction.
Design Objectives:
* provide a covered drop off area at main entrance to protect guests from weather.
* provide space for taxis and busses, loading and unloading of baggage, short term waiting and valet delivered cars. ^
* develop revolving doors to limit temperature fluctuations.
* provide ramps for disabled guests and heavy luggage.
Occupants:
* will vary; levels will change throughout the day.
******************************************************* 128 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
Space: Public Restrooms
Area Required:
Men 120 s.f. Women 200 s.f.
Total 320 s.f."
Functional Description:
Public restrooms are for the convenience and needs of the patrons.
Design Objectives:
* make handicap accessible * chief concern is convenience to patrons * locate close to entry
Occupants:
* varies
******************************************************* 129 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
Space: Public Phones
Area Required:
Minimum 1 pay phone for every 100 rooms. Therefore, need 50 s.f."
Functional Description:
Easy access for the users and employees to make telephone calls to outside the hotel.
Design Objectives:
* include house phones close to lobby * include public payphones * 3 ft for each phone * 2 payphones, 1 calling card phone, and 3 house phones
Occupants:
* varies; maximum of 6 people
******************************************************* 130 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
Space: Registration and coat Room
Area Required:
Generally the front office requires 5 ft. per guestroom. 5 X 120 = 600 s.f.'°
Functional Description:
Support to cashier functions, assembly registration and storage area for coats and bags.
Design Objectives:
* allow 6 ft per station + 1 for each 150 rooms."
* make visible from entrance and guests * cluster reception and work areas * place luggage and bellman near front desk * locate near cashier
Occupants:
* 4 - 6
******************************************************* 131 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
Space: Elevator
Area Required:
Public Elevator 100 s.f.
Service Elevator 40 s.f.
Storage 200 s.f.
Total 340 s.f.
Functional Description: Public Provide transportation to different levels in the resort to move guests. Service Provide transportation to different levels in the resort to move equipment and deliveries that are unacceptable to transport in guest elevators. Storage elevator equipment storage
Design Objectives:
Public * locate near guest corridors * locate along circulation paths Service * locate adjacent to room service, receiving areas, and laundry room housekeeping
Storage
* store elevator equipment
Occupants:
* varies per time of day
******************************************************* 132******
***************************************** natural systems *******
Space: Vending / Ice Room
Area Required:
4 rooms @ 25 s.f. = 100 s.f.
Functional Description:
A place for guests to have access to ice, soft drinks and snacks at any time of the day.
Design Objectives:
* Design all ice rooms near the elevators * provide niches along halls
Occupants:
* varies
CIRCULATION
Space: Public Circulation
Area Required: 2,000 s.f.
Functional Description:
Circulation throughout all areas of the resort
Design Objectives:
* provide access to handicap * use natural lighting * allow for interaction and socializing * allow good visibility and access to guests
Occupants:
* varies
******************************************************* 133 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
Space: Back-of-the-house Circulation
Area Required: 1,200 s.f.
Functional Description:
Circulation throughout all Back-of-the-House areas
Design Objectives:
* provide access to service functions * allow effective and efficient layout * exit to back area and dock
Occupants:
* varies
******************************************************* 134 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
RECREATIONAL
Space: Indoor / Outdoor Pool and Spa and Pool Equipment
Area Required:
main pool 25' x 60' = 1,500 s.f. spa = 200 s.f. pool deck (10' perimeter) = 2,100 s.f. pool equipment = 300 s.f.
Total = 4,100 s.f.'
Functional Description:
Recreational area
Design Objectives:
* pool should accommodate the swimming and sunbathing needs of the guests with at least 10 ft deck space around the perimeter of the pool.
* provide for storage of pool equipment
Occupants:
* varies per time of day
******************************************************* 135 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
Space: Tennis Courts
Area Required:
Recommended ground space is approx. 1,800 s.f. to the playable perimeter fence."
1,800 s.f. X 2 courts = 3,600 s.f.
Functional Description:
Area to provide tennis courts for the guests to enjoy.
Design Objectives:
* preferred orientation is for the long axis to be north-south. Surface is to be concrete or bituminous material with protective coating. Drainage is to be end to end, side to side, or corner to corner diagonal at a minimal slope of 1 inch to 10 ft."
* in arid environment provide shading * dimensions are 20' x 44' plus 8' space on each end and a 5' space on each side."
Occupants:
* maximum of 4 players on court
******************************************************* 136 ******
********************************ic*ifif^^ifffic natural systems *******
Space: Weight Training
Area Required: 400 s.f.
Functional Description:
Work out and weight lifting area
Design Objectives:
* provide ventilation * provide equipment for weight training * items include: exercise mats, mirrors, music system, check in desk.
* locate near locker rooms
Occupants:
* maximum capacity of 8
Space: Exercise Studio
Area Required: 600 s.f.
Functional Description:
Area for aerobic exercise and workouts
Design Objectives:
* provide fans, ventilation, and exhaust system devices
* provide exercise bars, mirrors, mats, and music system
* locate near locker room
Occupants:
* maximum capacity of 10
******************************************************* 137 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
Space: Lockers and Sauna
Area Required:
Men's lockers 130 s.f Shower / toilets 100 s.f.
Women's lockers 130 s.f. Shower / toilets 100 s.f.
Men's sauna 80 s.f. Women's sauna 80 s.f.
Total 620 s.f.
Functional Description:
Lockers Area to provide space for guests to store clothing and shower. Preparation before and after workouts. Sauna Area to raise body temperature to perspire and loose weight.
Design Objectives:
Lockers * plan separate access toilets without passing through locker and dressing areas.
* provide areas for showers and dressing * design for ventilation Sauna * locate close to pool and locker room * locate within locker area
Occupants:
* varies during day
******************************************************* 138 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
Space: Storage
Area Required: 200 s.f.
Functional Description:
A place to store equipment for weight training and sauna activities.
Design Objectives:
* allow for shelves, racks, and other equipment to be stored.
* locate adjacent to training and aerobics room
Occupants:
* none
******************************************************* 139 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
PARKING
Space: Parking lot
Area Required:
Parking lots, exclusive of drives for entering them, require roughly 350 sq. ft. per car."
Functional Description:
Area for temporary parking of cars. These belonging to guests, employees, etc.
Design Objectives:
* minimize destruction of natural features * avoid interaction between vehicular and pedestrian traffic.
* provide underground parking or shade parking
* design to obscure car parking lot * provide indigenous vegetation
Parking analysis:
Number of Rooms 120 Percent occupancy 85% People per Room 1.4 Percent arriving by car 60% People per car 1.5
Guest Parking and calculation:^^
(rooms)X(%occupancy)x(people/room)x(%by car)
(People/car)
120 x .85 X 1.4 x .60 = 57.12 cars
1.5
******************************************************* 140 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
Restaurant Meeting Rooms Visitor Staff
.25 X 58 = 15 cars
.35 X 58 = 21 cars
.40 X 58 = 24 cars
.40 X 58 = 24 cars
=84 car spaces
142 spaces X 350 (s.f. per car) = 49,700 s.f.
******************************************************* 141 ******
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * n a t u r a l s y s t e m s * * * * * * *
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***************************************** n a t u r a l s y s t e m s *******
BACK-OF-THE-HOUSE MATRIX
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******************************************************* 143 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
PUBLIC SPACE ADJACENCY MATRIX
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******************************************************* 144 ******
**********************************icif*it^ific natural systems *******
End Notes
1 Rutes, Walker A., Hotel Planning and Design. (New York: Watson-Guptill Publications, 1985) p. 169
2 Jeanne Davern, Places for People (New York: McGraw Hill Inc., 1976) p. 63.
3 DeChiara, Joesph. Timesaver Standards for Building Types. (New York: McGraw Hill, 1980) p. 897.
4 Rutes, Administrative Space, p. 179.
5 DeChiara, p. 899.
6 DeChiara, Kitchens. p. 353.
7 Architect's Journal, Principals of Hotel Design. (London: The Architectural Press, 1970.) p. 123.
8 Gee, Chuck Y. Resort Development and Management. (East Lansing, MI.: Educational Institute of American Hotel and Motel Association. 1981) p. 43.
9 DeChiara, p. 881.
10 Kinzey, Bertram. Environmental Technologies in Architecture. (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1963) p. 46.
11 Rutes, Back-to-the-House. p. 205.
12 Ibid, p. 204.
13 Littlefield, David. Ski Resort in Colorado. (Thesis, Texas Tech University. 1983) p. 46.
14 DeChiara, Commercial Kitchens, p. 345.
15 DeChiara, p. 897.
******************************************************* 145 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
16 Ibid., p. 896.
17 Ibid., p. 898.
18 Ibid., p. 898.
19 Rutes, Administration Space, p. 179.
20 DeChiara, p. 897.
21 Cozine, K. Tennis: The Sport. (New York: Scribner & Sons. 1983) p. 33.
22 Ibid., p. 40.
23 Ibid., p. 43.
24 Rutes, p. 194.
25 Rutes, p. 194.
******************************************************* 146 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
FACILITY TYPE CASE STUDIES
******************************************************* 147 ******
********************************4,ifi,ifin,i,*ic natural systems *******
FACILITY TYPE CASE STUDY (1)
The Arizona Biltmore
The Arizona Biltmore is similar to the proposed
resort because it allows the site and the building
to impact each other in an integrated manner.
Frank Lloyd Wright displayed his theory of
"Organic Architecture" and captured the spirit of
the desertscape composing a natural whole.
******************************************************* 148 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
Project: The Arizona Biltmore
Facility-type: Resort Hotel
Client:
Architect:
The McArthur brothers
Albert Chase McArthur is credited by the June issue of Architectural Record as the architect. He requested the assistance of his mentor - Frank Lloyd Wright.
User: vacationers
When and Where: 1929; Phoenix, Arizona.
Site: Arizona desert
Building:
Major Spaces;
Has undergone additions but still maintains its original splendor.
1) Lobby 2) Orangerie 3) Aztec Lounge 4) Ballroom 5) Conference Center 6) Cottages 7) Valley Wing 8) Paradise Wing 9) Pool 10) Foyer
Budget: not known
******************************************************* 149 ******
***************************************** natura l systems *******
1 Lobby 2 Orangerie V"* ' 3 Aztec Lounge 4 Ballroom 5 Conference Center 6 Cotuges 7 VaUey Wing 1979 8 Paradise WWig 1975 9 Pod
H) Foyer
Site Layout of the Biltmore Resort
******************************************************* 150 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
Analysis
"Wright's theories about an architecture
synchronized with the landscape could have found
no better proving ground than the Arizona
Biltmore; the hotel rises discreetly from an arid
mesa, and is composed of forms and materials that
are clearly derived from the desert terrain and
the indigenous flora. In keeping with the spirit
and texture of the desertscape, Wright used the
humble concrete block as the primary interior and
exterior material."^
The resort complex was crowned "jewel of the
desert" for its success in achieving an integral
level of design surpassed by none at the time.
This is an important aspect of this design. It
was a forerunner like its designer, to
environmental planning.
Wright's theory will not be abandoned but instead
will be incorporated into the design of this
project in the area of innovative energy use and
responding to climate in a natural way resulting
in a model for other projects.
According to Olivanna Lloyd Wright, "To spare the
******************************************************* 151 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
destruction of the landscape had in fact been my
husband's lifelong dreams in relation to what is
now termed environmental."^ A low portico
connects the driveway to a foyer that welcomes
guests with a symbolic mini-oasis, a freestanding
cluster of columns, plants, and a waterfall.
******************************************************* 152 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
End Notes
1 Architectural Record. The Arizona Biltmore. Phoenix, Arizona. Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation (London: The Architecture Press, 1980) p. 117-120
******************************************************* 153 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
******************************************************* 154 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
Economic Analysis
The economic analysis will attempt to determine the total building construction and the total project value. The revenues and expenditures of the resort's operation assist in determining the net income the project will generate.
NET TO GROSS CONVERSION
General Hotel
Guest Rooms
Food & Beverage
Administration
Pool Deck Equipment Room
Health & Fitness
Tennis Courts
Outdoor Space
Parking
Total
Net s.f.
20,836
44,104
2,450
2,400
1,700 2,100
300
5,400
3,600
10,500
49,700
Net to Gross Ratio
.85
.92
.85
.85
1.00 1.00
.85
.85
1.00
1.00
1.00
120 rooms
Gross S.f.
24,512
47,939
2,882
2,823
1,700 2,100
353
6,353
3,600
10,500
49,700
102,762
CAPITAL COST OUTLINE
******************************************************* 155******
***************************************** natural systems *******
Item Estimate Basis Dollar Amount
Site Acquisition
$70,000 X 20 acres $ 1,400,000
General Construction / Site Development
Basic Building Cost $102,762 s.f. X $ 70/s.f. =$ 1,200,000
Sitework 3% of Building cost = $36,000
Sidewalks and Terraces 3% of Building cost = $36,000
Surface Parking 142 cars X 350 s.f./car @ $.75/s.f. = $37,275
Landscaping 1% of Building cost = $12,000
Utilities 3% of Building cost = $36,000
Outdoor Lighting 1% of Building cost = $12,000
Interior Finishes 120 bays X $2,000 ea. = $240,000
Total Cost = $1,609,275
SOURCE: Rutes, Walter A. Hotel Planning and Design. (New York: Watson-Guptill Publications. 1985.) p. 229-
BIBLIOGRAPHY
******************************************************* 156 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
Abraben, E. Resort Hotels Planning and Management. New York: Reinhold Publishing Corporation, 1965.
Architect's Journal, ed. Principals of Hotel
Design. London: The Architectural Press. 1970
Architecture. May 1991. p. 64-71.
Architecture. May 1991. p. 76-81.
Architecture. May 1991. p. 82-83. Architecture Record. The Arizona Biltmore. New
York: McGraw Hill, Inc..
Churchman, C. West. The Systems Approach. Dell Publishing Co., New York. 1968.
Davern, Jeanne M. Places for People. New York: McGraw Hill, Inc., 1976
DeChiara, Joesph and Callender, John Hancock, ed. et. al.. Time Saver Standards for Building Types. New York: McGraw Hill. 1980.
Gee, Chuck Y. Resort Development and Management. East Lansing, MI.: Educational Institute of American Hotel and Motel Association. 1981
Hornbeck, James s., ed. Motels, Hotels, Restaurants and Bars. F.W. Dodge Corporation. 1953.
Kinzey, Bertram Y., et. al. Environmental Technologies in Architecture. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1963.
Laszlo, Ervin. Introduction to Systems Philosophy= Garden and Breach, Science Publishers; New York. 1972.
Laszlo, Ervin. The Systems View of The World. George Braziller, New York. 1972.
******************************************************* 157 ******
***************************************** natural systems *******
Lawson, Fred. Hotels, Motels, and Condominiums. London: The Architectural Press. 1976.
Littlefield, David. Ski Resort in Colorado. Thesis 1983. Texas Tech University.
Packard, Robert T., ed. et. al., Ramsey/Sleeper. Architectural Graphic Standards. New York: John Wiley and Sons. 1981.
Rutes, Walter A. and Richard Penner. Hotel Planning and Design. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications. 1985.
******************************************************* 158******
Thesis Documentation
Darren Martinez December 11, 1998
"Architecture as a natural system"
"any system that does not owe its existence to conscious human planning and execution is a natural system".
This definition implies that humans can be the only possible natural systems in existence. If we look at the four points or characteristics said to constitute a natural system we can then use them as a guideline and apply them to architecture.
Natural systems: (1) are wholes with irreducible properties. (2) maintain themselves in a changing environment. (3) create themselves in a changing environment. (4) are coordinating interfaces in nature's hierarchy.
Due to new trends toward environmental awareness there has been a rise in demand for nature-safe products and places. As a result of these changes in lifestyles and its impact on economic and social values there is a greater demand for architecture to provide new alternatives. The resort designed in my thesis would be prototype to the region in using alternative energy. The facility would promote and support human activity from relaxing to working out as well as provide accommodations to individual and group vacationers as well as other organizations.
Site
The site is located at Papago park which is located in the middle of the metro area between Phoenix, Scottsdale , and Tempe Arizona. The site provides other recreational activities within walking distance. These are: Botanical Gardens with beautiflil landscapes, 2 different golf courses. Phoenix Zoo and Barnes Butte. This would encourage people to walk and bike instead of driving thus, encouraging health-oriented activities.
Concept My concept uses the natural environment as a guide, using the site-topography, orientation, winds, sun angles, etc. to drive the design. Integration and sustainability are essential to the design. The site was chosen because of the harsh arid environment. Slides 101-103 show the complementary setting. One of the first goals was to integrate the natural with man made. The interplay of the elements would challenge the design. The resort hotel and the Butte represent these two elements in the design.
My goals were to: (1) promote bicycling, hiking, climbing and walking. (2) harmonize and integrate the physical and cultural environments (3) balance the facility with its environment. (4) preserve, maintain and rebuild the natural settings around the resort. (5) use alternative and passive energy systems
(ex. solar collectors, daylighting, water reclamation for irrigation). (6) use natural environs to shap and drive layouts.
Design Solutions
One of the first decisions was to try and keep the guestrooms connected to the main hotel complex. This would make most of the facility accessible fi'om the parking areas which in order to make less the impact on land were located in the basement levels of the hotel. This allowed guests various methods of entry or exit using the idea of paths. Other activities such as the recreation center and sun terrace would be separate from the main complex only to allow movement through and around the natural site giving a fi'ee-flow to spaces. Slides 104-105 show earlier model studies in discovering different axis and angles to connect these areas.
Hierarchy was also an important concept in the development of the layout. It occurs in a stepping down fashion such as 1) the butte, 2) the main complex and guestroom wings, 3) the indoor/outdoor courtyard, 4) the recreational center and other outdoor related activities (such as, biking- hiking trails, hot tubs, sun terrace, etc.)
The 's ' configuration for the main complex was derived from the contour lines of the site as shown in slides 109-110 (site concept and diagram). The main complex housed the lobby, indoor/ outdoor courtyard, guestroom wings, small restauraunt or cafeteria, health club or lounge, ballroom and meeting rooms. The roof of the main complex would have a roof garden. Also, outdoor terraces were placed at the end of each guestroom wing to provide connection of indoor/ outdoor concept. All of the back-of-the-house fiinctions as well as the main kitchen and other service areas were connected together by separate corridor and elevators. This separation would fijnction better giving guests and employees ample room to move about.
***************************************** natural systems *******
APPENDIX
******************************************************* 159 ******
PHOENIX FACT SHEET
IISTORY
letropolitan Phoenix, also referred to as the Valley of the Sim, is made iqj of 23 cities ranging in population size from 2240 in Youngtown 1,036,000 in Phoenix. The Valley covers more than 9,000 square miles and is cun-ently the eighth largest metropolitan area in the country.
jr almost 25,000 years Irxlians were the exclusive residents of Arizona Archeotogical evidence leads to the existence of three major tribal tjups: the Anasazi of the state's northan plateau highlands; the Mogollon People of the northeastern mountain belt; and the Hohokam. oday there are 23 reservations in Arizona, more than in any other state. These reservations are home to an estimated 50,000 Native jnericans from 17 different tribes.
hoenix wiginated in 1850 on the banks of the Salt River and became the capital of the Arizona Territoy in 1889. It was not until 1912 lai Arizona became a state.
lie city of Phoenix received its name from an eariy settler who predicted that a great city would rise from the ancient ruins of the Hohokam ndians. The legendary Phoenix bird was said to have risen from its own ashes in much the same manner Phoenix has risen frtxn the hohokam ruins.
[he fiiture of Phoenix, recently named an All American City by the National Civic League, is a promising one, as new "settlers" and visitors lock to the VaUey to enjoy the Southwestem lifestyle in the metropolitan area many are calling this country's New Frontier.
DEMOGRAPHICS Metropolitan Phoenix
Current Population Median Adult Age Retired College Educated Median Household Income Median Home Value
AGE 18-24: 25-34: 35-49:
SEX ^ ^ e -Female:
14% 24% 27%
48% 52%
2,103300 40.7 20% 52%
$34,600 $80,100
Source: laside Metro Phoenix. 1990
TABLE 17: MAJOR HOTEL OPENINGS Metro Phoenix 1988 thru 1991
Hotel
1988 Q)urtyard by Marriott - Mesa How ard Johnson Plaza Hotel Hampton Inn - Phoenix 1-17 Marriott Suites - Scottsdale The Phoenician Resort Residence Irm by Marriott Ramada Iiu\ The Ritz-Carlton, Phoenix Scottsdale Princess Resort Windmill Inn at Sun Qty Coachman Irm Lexington Hotel Suites
1989 Orange Tree Golf & Corvference Resort Q)urtyard by Marriott - Mayo Clinic Phoenix Airport Hilton Ramada Inn Gateway Rodeway Inn Tempe Travelers Inn West
1990 Travelers Inn 1-17 Fairfield Inn Scottsdale Courtyard by Marriott Hilton Suites at Knoll Center
I99I Residence Inn Scottsdale Residence Inn Tempe
General Location
South Westwood, Mesa East University Drive, Phoenix Metrocenter, Phoenix Downtown Scottsdale East Camelback Road, Phoenbc/Scottsdale Metrocenter, Phoenix 1-17 & Union Hills, Phoenix 24th Street & Camelback, Phoenix North Scottsdale Road, Scottsdale West BeU Road, Sun Qty Westside, ToUeson Elliott Road, Tempe
56th Street & Shea, Scottsdale East Shea, Scottsdale Hohokam & University 44 th Street & Van Buren, Phoenix Airport, Phoer\ix/Temf)e I-IO & 51st Avenue, Phoenix
1-17 & Northern, Phoenix Scottsdale Road & Thunderbird 20th Street & Camelback Central & Thomas
Scottsdale Road & McDonald I-IO & Baseline
Number of Rooms
149 163 150 251 605 128 166 301 525 127 120 139
160 124 255 214 100 120
120 133 155 225
122 126
Note: For this report, only properties with 100 or more rooms are included.
Sources: Phoenix & Valley of the Sun Convention & Visitors Bureau, Young Wamick Cunningham & Co., R.A. Rauch & Associates, Pannell Kerr Forstcr.
TOURISM 1989 Southwest United States
Purpose of Visit Pleasure/Vacation Visiting Friends/Relatives Business Convention
Accommodations Hotel Motel Private Household Day Visitors
San Diego
55% 20%
8% 16%
37% 21% 22% 14%
California
Orange County
71% 11% 4%
13%
37% 19% 14% 27%
Los Angeles
56% 25% 9% 9%
35% 6%
23% 35%
Long Beach
36% 17% 22% 23%
29% 8%
20% 40%
Arizona
Phoenix
38% 23% 21% 18%
37% 12% 37% 1%
Tucson
38% 24% 13% 10%
23% 24% 26% 14%
Length of Stay Average Stay (Nights) 4.6 4.1 3.8 3.1 10.7 5.6
Plans to Return Will Return Within 2 yrs. Won't Return Within 2 yrs. Unsure
62% 18% 20%
N / A N / A N / A
69% 16% 15%
70% 17% 13%
82% 18%
69% 28%
3%
Visitor Composition Groups With Children 18% Groups Without Children 82%
42% 58%
N / A N / A
N / A N / A
10% 90%
14% 86%
Age Median Age (Years) 38.4 37 38 38.8 46 49.9
Income Median Income ($) $45,000 $45,243 N / A N / A $59,507 $49,574
Residence Northeast South North Central Southern California Northern California Other West Foreign
Source: a C Research Inc., 1990.
13% 13% 18% 17% 6%
17% 16%
7% 8%
13% 20% 12% 23% 17%
16% 14% 19% 11% 9%
13% 18%
14% 13% 20% 10% 12% 14% 17%
16% 16% 27% 10% 5%
16% 10%
14% 16% 22%
9% 5%
24% 10%
VISITOR PROFILE Metro Phoerux
PURPOSE OF VISIT - All Visitors
% 40 87/88
88/89
Pleasure/Vacation Visit Friends Convention Business
PURPOSE OF VISIT - Hotel/Motel Visitors
87/88
* 5 0 n
00 00
Pleasure/Vacation Visit Friends Convention Business
Source: QC Research Inc., 1989
VISITOR PROFILE Metro Phoenix
LEISURE AcrrvrriES
* 40 1987/88
1988/89
Sightseeing Swim/Sunbath Shopping Golf Visit Friends Dining Out Sports Relaxing
Note: The above table includes multiple responses. Only resp>onses mentioned frequently are included.
ANNUAL INCOME Hotel/Motel/Resort Visitors All Visitors ^
% 3 0 n
20-
1 0 -
Under$20 $20-29.9 $30-39.9 $40-59.9 $60-74.9 $75 or more Income Croups (in $ thousands)
Notes: 1. Total median income $62,621 2. Total median income $59,507
Source: CIC Research Inc., 1989
VISITOR PROFILE Metro Phoerux
RESIDENCE OF ALL VISITORS BY STATE Top 10 Rai\ked States - 87/88
Minnesota H H H H
slew Jersey H H ^ I
Ohio I ^ H H I
Colorado m i ^ l
Arizorut I H H ^ l
Texas | i | H ^ I
Michigan m m |
New York H H ^ B
13.2
^ ^-^
IJ3.6
^ 3 - 6
^ 3 5
^ *
^ ^ 4 . 7
^^S *- Illinois • H H H H H H H w
% 0 1 ' 5
1 7.9
1
10
^ ^ ^ « 1 4 «
' 1 ' 15
1 20
RESIDENCE OF ALL VISITORS BY STATE Top 10 Ranked States - 88/89
Ohio IHJI
Washington H H
Michigan | | H i
Pennsylvania ^ • H
Colorado p l H
Minnesota jHHi
Texas a ^ H
New York ^ ^ H
Illinois ^ ^ H
California H H i
f. 0
^S - ^s ^ ^ ^ 3
^^A 3.5
i^rti 3.6
^m^ 3.7
^ M ^ ^ 4.7
^^^^^M 5-9
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 6 . 9
I
5 1
10
^ ^ ^ 14.6
15 20
Note: Total does not equal 100 due to lack of total representation of all states and those visiting from foreign countries.
Source: CIC Research Inc., 1989
VISITOR PROHLE Metro Phoenix
CATEGORICAL SPENDING SUMMARY All Visitors for 88/89
26%
9%
• Shopping
B Lodging
@ Attractions
0 Transportation
D Food/Beverage
88/89 DAILY SPENDING PER PERSON By Purpose of Visit
$112
88/89 DAILY SPENDING PER PERSON By Accommodations
Campers
Hotel/Resort/Motel Note: Expenditures per person per day = $84.00 Average party size = 2.0 persons Average nights stayed = 10.7 nights
Source: CIC Research Inc., 1989 35